Tahukah Anda, OS yang kita gunakan telah melalui perubahan dari waktu ke waktu. Evolusi Sistem Operasi dari Masa ke Masa dilakukan untuk mendapatkan fitur terbaik.
Evolusi Sistem Operasi dari Masa ke Masa
Evolusi dari berbagai jenis sistem operasi dapat dijelaskan secara singkat sebagai berikut:
Serial Processing
Sejak tahun 1950, sistem operasi mulai digunakan. Sebelum tahun 1950, tidak ada sistem operasi, dan pemrogram harus berkomunikasi langsung dengan perangkat keras.
Dan sebelum tahun 1950, jika seorang programmer ingin mengeksekusi program, programmer harus mengikuti langkah-langkah berikut:
- Pertama, ketik program atau kartu berlubang.
- Terjemahkan punch card ke dalam card reader.
- Pembaca kartu yang diterjemahkan dikirim ke komputer, dan jika terjadi kesalahan, maka dengan bantuan lampu, kesalahan ditunjukkan.
- Programmer melihat memori utama dan mendaftar untuk memverifikasi alasan di balik kesalahan tersebut.
- Kemudian output diambil dari printer.
- Kemudian program siap untuk mengeksekusi program lain.
Kelemahan Serial Processing
Serial Processing sulit bagi pengguna karena, dalam Serial Processing, diperlukan lebih banyak waktu. Pengguna tidak dapat mulai menjalankan program lain jika program sebelumnya tidak menyelesaikan eksekusinya.
Dalam Serial Processing, program dikirimkan ke komputer satu per satu. Itulah alasan di balik nama Serial Processing.
Batch Processing
Sebelum tahun 1960, sulit untuk menjalankan program dengan bantuan komputer. Dan alasan dibalik itu adalah, untuk menempatkan sebuah komputer kita membutuhkan tiga ruangan, satu ruangan diperlukan untuk card reader, ruangan kedua diperlukan untuk menjalankan program, dan ruangan ketiga diperlukan untuk mencetak hasil.
Serta untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan, pengguna/mesin mengeksekusi di antara tiga ruangan. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, Batch Processing muncul.
Dalam Batch Processing, kita mesti membuat kumpulan pekerjaan serupa dan kemudian menjalankannya.
Jadi, seorang programmer tidak perlu berlari di antara tiga ruangan yang berbeda berkali-kali.
Multiprogramming
Multiprogramming berarti menjalankan beberapa program secara bersamaan dengan bantuan satu prosesor. Dalam hal ini, beberapa proses bisa ada di memori utama secara bersamaan.
Dalam multiprogramming, sistem operasi memilih salah satu pekerjaan dari memori utama, dan menjalankannya.
Jika suatu sistem non-multiprogramming, maka pada satu waktu, hanya satu pekerjaan yang dijalankan oleh CPU.
Pada sistem non-multiprogramming, jika ada program yang sedang menunggu perangkat input/output, maka pada kondisi ini CPU menjadi idle, dan akibatnya kinerja CPU akan terpengaruh.
Tetapi jika kita memiliki lingkungan multiprogramming, maka tidak ada Input/output yang menunggu, dan CPU tidak akan pernah duduk dengan ideal.
Dalam lingkungan multi-pemrograman, jika ada proses yang menunggu I/O, maka CPU akan mengubah pekerjaan dan mengambil pekerjaan lain dari kumpulan pekerjaan sehingga CPU tidak akan pernah duduk dengan ideal.
Kelebihan Multiprogramming
Keuntungan dari multiprogramming adalah:
- Dalam multiprogramming, CPU tidak akan pernah duduk ideal.
- Multiprogramming menyediakan pemanfaatan memori yang efektif.
- Throughput adalah peningkatan multiprogramming.
Time-Sharing System
Dalam Time-Sharing System, beberapa pengguna dapat berbagi sistem secara bersamaan. Alasan di balik namanya ‘time sharing’ adalah dalam sistem ini, waktu prosesor dibagi di antara jumlah pengguna secara bersamaan.
Time-Sharing System adalah perpanjangan logis dari sistem multiprogramming.
Perbedaan utama antara Time-Sharing System dan sistem batch Multiprogramming adalah bahwa tujuan dari Time-Sharing System adalah untuk mengurangi waktu respon, dan tujuan dari sistem Multiprogramming adalah untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan prosesor.
Dalam Time-Sharing System, CPU mengeksekusi beberapa pekerjaan dengan berpindah antar pekerjaan. Pergantian tersebut sangat sering terjadi sehingga respon dapat langsung diterima.
Pada jenis sistem ini, dengan bantuan penjadwal CPU, pekerjaan dipilih dari antrian siap dan dieksekusi. Dan ketika time slot dari job tersebut habis, maka CPU berpindah job yang lain.
Kelebihan dari Time-Sharing System
Keuntungan dari Time-Sharing System adalah:
- Time-Sharing System menawarkan manfaat respon cepat.
- Time-Sharing System meminimalkan waktu idle CPU.
- Time-Sharing System menghindari duplikasi perangkat lunak.
- Time-Sharing System menyediakan penggunaan CPU yang efisien.
Kekurangan dari Time-Sharing System
Kekurangan dari Time-Sharing System adalah:
- Dalam Time-Sharing System, ada masalah keandalan.
- Masalah komunikasi data.
Parallel Processing System
Dalam Parallel Processing System, ada beberapa prosesor, dan, dalam sistem ini, semua prosesor bekerja secara bersamaan.
Di sistem jenis ini, pekerjaan dibagi menjadi beberapa sub-pekerjaan, dan kemudian sub-pekerjaan ini didistribusikan di antara prosesor yang ada di sistem.
Pemrosesan paralel menyelesaikan pekerjaan dalam waktu yang lebih singkat. Sistem ini disebut Parallel Processing System karena, dalam hal ini, beberapa prosesor menjalankan pekerjaan secara paralel.
Kelebihan Parallel Processing System
Keuntungan dari Parallel Processing System adalah:
- Dalam pemrosesan Paralel, throughput meningkat.
- Beberapa pekerjaan dieksekusi dalam waktu yang lebih singkat.
Distributed System
Distributed System juga dikenal sebagai sistem yang digabungkan secara longgar. Dalam Distributed System, dua atau lebih node terhubung satu sama lain, tetapi memori atau jam tidak digunakan bersama oleh prosesor.
Melalui bantuan jalur komunikasi seperti saluran telepon atau bus berkecepatan tinggi, prosesor berkomunikasi satu sama lain.
Pada Distributed System, prosesor dapat berbeda dalam ukuran dan fungsi. Prosesor ini disebut node, komputer, situs, dll.
Kelebihan dari Distributed System
Keuntungan dari Distributed System adalah:
- Dengan bantuan Distributed System, beban pada komputer induk dapat dikurangi.
- Distributed System mengurangi penundaan dalam pemrosesan data.
- Dalam Distributed System, kegagalan satu node tidak akan pernah mempengaruhi komunikasi node lainnya karena setiap node independen satu sama lain.
- Ini meningkatkan kecepatan pertukaran data melalui surat elektronik.
Kelemahan Distributed System
- Kekurangan dari Distributed System adalah:
- Dalam Distributed System, jika jaringan utama gagal, seluruh komunikasi akan dihentikan.
- Bahasa yang kami gunakan untuk membuat Distributed System tidak didefinisikan dengan baik.
- Distributed System mahal.
Real-Time Operating System
Real-Time Operating System digunakan ketika ada persyaratan waktu yang kaku pada pengoperasian prosesor. Ini adalah sistem operasi tujuan khusus. Dalam sistem operasi Real-Time, tugas harus diselesaikan dalam waktu yang ditentukan.
Ada tiga jenis sistem operasi Real-Time:
- Firm Real-time Operating System
- Hard Real-time Operating System
- Soft Real-time Operating System
Kekurangan dari sistem operasi real-time adalah:
- Dalam sistem operasi Real-Time, peralihan tugas lebih sedikit.
- Dalam sistem operasi Real-Time, digunakan algoritma rumit yang sulit dipahami.
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